리눅스 데스크탑 - 배포판별 패키지 관리 방법, 패키지 관리 툴, Package Management Cheatsheet
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The first table lists package management tasks in the four most popular distribution groups - Debian (including Ubuntu, Linux Mint, elementary OS, Zorin OS and other Debian derivatives), openSUSE, Fedora (including Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, Scientific Linux and other Fedora-based distributions), and Mageia and OpenMandriva. In Fedora-based distribution the yum package manager is set to be replaced with dnf at some point in 2015 (starting with Fedora 22), but it looks like most of the dnf package management commands will remain mostly identical to the yum commands (the exceptions being "localinstall" which is not yet implemented in dnf, and "update" which has been deprecated in favour of "upgrade"). Please note: current versions of Ubuntu use apt to manipulate deb packages. However, experimental versions of Ubuntu use the new snap package manager.
Task
apt (deb)
Debian, Ubuntu
zypp (rpm)
openSUSE
yum/dnf (rpm)
Fedora, CentOS
urpmi (rpm)
Mandriva, Mageia
Managing software
Install new software from package repository
apt-get install pkg
zypper install pkg
yum install pkg
urpmi pkg
Install new software from package file
dpkg -i pkg
zypper install pkg
yum localinstall pkg
urpmi pkg
Update existing software
apt-get install pkg
zypper update -t package pkg
yum update pkg
urpmi pkg
Remove unwanted software
apt-get remove pkg
zypper remove pkg
yum erase pkg
urpme pkg
Updating the system
Update package list
apt-get update
aptitude update
zypper refresh
yum check-update
urpmi.update -a
Update system
apt-get upgrade
aptitude safe-upgrade
zypper update
yum update
urpmi --auto-select
Searching for packages
Search by package name
apt-cache search pkg
zypper search pkg
yum list pkg
urpmq pkg
Search by pattern
apt-cache search pattern
zypper search -t pattern pattern
yum search pattern
urpmq --fuzzy pkg
Search by file name
apt-file search path
zypper wp file
yum provides file
urpmf file
List installed packages
dpkg -l
zypper search -is
rpm -qa
rpm -qa
Configuring access to software repositories
List repositories
cat /etc/apt/sources.list
zypper repos
yum repolist
urpmq --list-media
Add repository
(edit /etc/apt/sources.list)
zypper addrepo pathname
(add repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/)
urpmi.addmedia namepath
Remove repository
(edit /etc/apt/sources.list)
zypper removerepo name
(remove repo from /etc/yum.repos.d/)
urpmi.removemedia media
Slackware and Slackware Based Distributions
The table below lists package management utilities found in Slackware Linux and other Slackware-based distributions. As stated by Patrick Volkerding on several occasions, Slackware is unlikely to ever have any advanced (i.e. dependency-resolving) package management tool, so all installation, upgrade and removal tasks continue to be performed with pkgtools, a set of very simple scripts that haven't changed much in years. Nevertheless, slackpkg, an advanced package management tool which for years had been relegated to the unsupported "extra" repository, was finally made part of Slackware Linux 12.2. It's worth noting that some popular Slackware derivatives, such as VectorLinux, have standardised on slapt-get, another third-party utility imitating the behaviour of Debian's APT, while Zenwalk Linux has introduced its own package management tool called netpkg.
Task
pkgtools
Slackware
slackpkg
Slackware
slapt-get
Vector
netpkg
Zenwalk
Managing software
Install new software from package repository
--
slackpkg install pkg
slapt-get --install pkg
netpkg pkg
Install new software from package file
installpkg pkg
slackpkg install pkg
slapt-get --install pkg
netpkg pkg
Update existing software
upgradepkg pkg
slackpkg upgrade pkg
slapt-get --install pkg
netpkg pkg
Remove unwanted software
removepkg pkg
slackpkg remove pkg
slapt-get --remove pkg
netpkg remove pkg
Updating the system
Update package list
--
slackpkg update
slapt-get --update
(automatic)
Update system
--
slackpkg upgrade-all
slapt-get --upgrade
netpkg upgrade
Searching for packages
Search by package name
--
slackpkg search pkg
slapt-get --search pkg
netpkg pkgrepo
Search by pattern
--
slackpkg search pattern
slapt-get --search pattern
netpkg list | grep pattern
Search by file name
--
--
--
netpkg filerepo
List installed packages
ls /var/log/packages/
ls /var/log/packages/
slapt-get --installed
netpk list I
Configuring access to software repositories
List repositories
--
cat /etc/slackpkg/mirrors
cat /etc/slapt-get/slapt-getrc
netpkg mirror
Add repository
--
(edit /etc/slackpkg/mirrors)
(edit /etc/slapt-get/slapt-getrc)
(edit /etc/netpkg.conf)
Remove repository
--
(edit /etc/slackpkg/mirrors)
(edit /etc/slapt-get/slapt-getrc)
(edit /etc/netpkg.conf)
Independent Linux Distributions
In the next group we have a few (mostly) independent distributions that have been gaining popularity in recent years. Sabayon Linux, although derived from Gentoo, has introduced its own command-line package management utility called equo. Arch Linux's Pacman has been around for a long time and it's often considered one of the fastest package management utilities around. Conary, developed by rPath and popularised by Foresight Linux, is a completely new approach to package management, created by well-known ex-Red Hat engineers with many years of package management experience. In contrast, PiSi, originally developed by Pardus Linux, is a relatively new utility.
Task
equo
Sabayon
pacman
Arch
conary
rPath, Foresight
apk
Alpine
Managing software
Install new software from package repository
equo install pkg
pacman -S pkg
conary update pkg
apk add pkg
Install new software from package file
equo install pkg
pacman -U pkg
conary update pkg
apk add --force pkg
Update existing software
equo install pkg
pacman -S pkg
conary update pkg
apk add --upgrade pkg
Remove unwanted software
equo remove pkg
pacman -R pkg
conary erase pkg
apk del pkg
Updating the system
Update package list
equo update
pacman -Sy
apk update
Update system
equo upgrade
pacman -Su
conary updateall
apk upgrade
Searching for packages
Search by package name
equo match pkg
pacman -Ss pkg
conary query pkg
apk search pkg
Search by pattern
equo search pattern
pacman -Ss pattern
conary query pkg
apk search pattern
Search by file name
equo belongs file
pacman -Qo file
conary query --path path
--
List installed packages
equo q list installed
pacman -Q
conary query
apk info
Configuring access to software repositories
List repositories
equo repoinfo
cat /etc/pacman.conf
cat /etc/apk/repositories
Add repository
(edit /etc/pacman.conf)
setup-apkrepos
Remove repository
(edit /etc/pacman.conf)
(edit /etc/apk/repositories)
Distribution Agnostic Package Management
Besides standard package management utilities that most distributions use as part of their systems, there are also some distro-agnostic ones that have been deployed with various levels of success in certain distributions. Smart, originally developed by Conectiva, hasn't been in the news lately, but some users seem to prefer it over Mandriva's urpmi or openSUSE's zypper (it also supports Debian and Slackware-based systems). More recently it is Fedora's PackageKit that has been gaining momentum as a way to manage packages across distributions and architectures. Now included in many other distributions, PackageKit's pkgcon command-line utility is effectively a unified front-end to the native package management tools of Fedora, Ubuntu, openSUSE, Mandriva and other distributions.
Task
smart
Mandriva, openSUSE
pkgcon
Fedora, Ubuntu, openSUSE, Mandriva
Managing software
Install new software from package repository
smart install pkg
pkcon install pkg
Install new software from package file
smart install pkg
pkcon install-file pkg
Update existing software
smart install pkg
pkcon update pkg
Remove unwanted software
smart remove pkg
pkcon remove pkg
Updating the system
Update package list
smart update
pkcon refresh
Update system
smart upgrade
pkcon upgrade
Searching for packages
Search by package name
smart search pkg
pkcon search name pkg
Search by pattern
smart search pattern
pkcon search details pattern
Search by file name
smart query file
pkcon what-provides file
List installed packages
smart query --installed
pkcon search name pkg | grep Installed
Configuring access to software repositories
List repositories
smart channel --show
pkcon repo-list
Add repository
smart channel --add namepath
Remove repository
smart channel --remove name
Source Based Distributions
Next, a table for source-based distributions. Gentoo's Portage is well-documented and widely used, but other distributions that are designed to be built from scratch don't often feature in the Linux media, so their package management systems are not particularly well-known. Sorcerer, which existed even before Gentoo Linux was conceived, uses Bash scripts to "cast spells" or download, install and compile packages. Sorcerer was later forked into Lunar Linux and Source Mage GNU/Linux, both of which are included in the table below. Unfortunately, Sorcerer doesn't offer much in terms of online documentation so it has been omitted for now.
Some distributions, e.g. NixOS, Void and Ubuntu have been developing their own binary package management systems with some interesting and innovative features. Here is a summary of useful commands as used by these projects for managing packages.
Task
nix
NixOS
xbps
Void
snap
Ubuntu
Managing software
Install new software from package repository
nix-env -i pkg
xbps-install pkg
snap install pkg
Install new software from package file
--
--
--
Update existing software
nix-env -u pkg
xbps-install -u pkg
snap refresh pkg
Remove unwanted software
nix-env -e pkg
xbps-remove pkg
snap remove pkg
Updating the system
Update package list
nix-channel --update
xbps-install -S
--
Update system
nix-env -u
xbps-install -u
--
Searching for packages
Search by package name
nix-env -qa pkg
xbps-query -Rs pkg
snap find pkg
Search by pattern
nix-env -qa pattern
xbps-query -Rs pattern
snap find | grep pattern
Search by file name
--
xbps-query -o file
--
List installed packages
nix-env -q
xbps-query -l
snap list
Configuring access to software repositories
List repositories
nix-channel --list
xbps-query -L
--
Add repository
nix-channel --add url name
(add to /etc/xbps/repo.d/ or /usr/share/xbps/repo.d/)
--
Remove repository
nix-channel --remove name
(edit /etc/xbps/repo.d/ and /usr/share/xbps/repo.d/)
--
FreeBSD
Finally, a table for FreeBSD, a popular operating system offering both binary and source package management.
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